LA IMPUNIDAD COMO CATEGORÍA POLÍTICA, RECORDANDO EL ANILLO DE GIGES

 

Politics of Impunity

para New left review/sidecar

One of the founding documents of Western philosophy deals with the phenomenon of being exempt from punishment. In Plato’s Republic, Glaukon challenges Sokrates by telling a story: there was a shepherd, Gyges, who found a ring which granted him invisibility, allowing him to do whatever he wished without fear of retribution. What reason could he possibly have not to do what he wanted no matter the consequences for others? Plato’s answer doesn’t get Western philosophy off to a propitious start – it is both too optimistic and too morally and politically disengaged. Doing harm to others (‘acting unjustly’ as Plato puts it) results, he claims, from a soul that is not in harmony, and leads the soul to become further disordered. Only someone with a harmonious soul can lead a happy life; consequently, only someone who is ignorant would wish to harm others. For Plato, then, there is no need to worry about impunity per se, because those who understand this will never harm anyone even if they know they can escape punishment, and those who are ignorant will be unhappy.

This line of argument presupposes a kind of cosmic moral order which few people (apart from some traditionalist religious believers) are likely to accept: ‘What goes around comes around, and if you harm others, this will come back to haunt you in the form of unhappiness.’ Even if we accept that Gyges will be wretched if he commits harm, what consolation is that to his victims? Plato’s approach might lead to quietism: let us see this as a learning experience for Gyges, who will come to realize that harming others is incompatible with leading a fulfilling life. The focus is on the psychological deficiencies and needs of the perpetrator rather than the suffering of his potential victims, or the need to ensure even minimal social order. Politically, however, impunity is not, as Plato suggests, something we can simply dismiss. It is a very bad state of affairs for a member of society to enjoy impunity from punishment – and this is true whether you are thinking about a citizen of Ancient Athens or a nation state in the modern international system.

LEER MÁS


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